Lameness in Dairy Cows

Lameness in Dairy Cows: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

Lameness is one of the most common problems in dairy cows and a major cause of reduced productivity and premature culling from the herd. Often, it doesn’t appear immediately—but it silently affects feed intake, reproduction, and milk yield. Early detection and prevention are the keys to keeping cows healthy and productive.

What is Lameness?

In simple terms, lameness means that the cow has difficulty walking normally. She may limp, walk slowly, or avoid putting weight on one or more legs. The cause usually lies in the feet or claws—but it can also be linked to internal problems such as inflammation, injuries, or metabolic disorders.
Lameness is not just “pain in the legs.” It’s a clear sign that something is wrong in the cow’s environment, nutrition, or management.

Main Causes of Lameness

1️⃣ Hoof Problems

• Overgrown claws: Due to lack of regular trimming or uneven wear.

• White line disease: Cracks between the hoof wall and the sole where bacteria can enter.

• Sole ulcer: Pressure injury, often on the hind claws.

• Abscesses or bruising: Caused by hard floors or improper posture.

2️⃣ Infectious Diseases

• Digital dermatitis: Caused by Treponema bacteria, leading to painful lesions with a foul odor.

• Interdigital phlegmon (foot rot): Bacterial infection between the claws causing swelling, pain, and fever.

3️⃣ Environmental Factors

• Wet, dirty, or muddy floors.

• Lack of non-slip surfaces.

• Excessive moisture and ammonia that soften the hoof horn.

4️⃣ Nutrition

Acidosis (low rumen pH) affects blood circulation in the hooves, leading to laminitis—inflammation and pain in the claw. This is why lameness is often linked to improper feeding rations.

5️⃣ Management and Housing

• Lack of space or very hard flooring.

• Sharp turns in alleyways.

• Poor bedding maintenance or insufficient bedding thickness.

• Long standing periods without rest.

Prevention: The Key to Healthy Feet

Lameness can be prevented through a few essential practices:

✅ Regular hoof trimming – at least 2–3 times per year.
✅ Balanced nutrition – sufficient fiber to promote rumination and prevent acidosis.
✅ Clean, dry, and non-slip flooring.
✅ Footbaths with formalin or copper sulfate to prevent infections.
✅ Comfortable bedding – soft, dry, and free of sharp edges.
✅ Adequate space and smooth animal flow in the barn.